facultative pond advantages and disadvantages
facultative pond advantages and disadvantages
It should be fully compacted and as flat as possible, and the completed height difference of the pond bottom shall not exceed 0. 8. High efficiency while very simple operation and maintenance. This manual has been prepared as a tool to help improve DFID's (Department for International Developments, United Kingdom) support for water supply and sanitation projects and programmes in developing countries. (2004): Construction can take place by semi- or unskilled labourers. In cold climates, the HRT and loading may be adjusted. oKz~[_Zn[U/_Z x2}[[oJ.O_[/k^m~|5J~[\%{Z NCh{!@8]{p.9x^AA* yU2)GbD_.GZ d[GO[tZWv/uK^iMn ^4tM4_i_ B[T[oa0k*ov{k}GIW ePRw4aW/L&i rkUd $_L}~NTA~u]oN2 (2006): PDF Secondary Wastewater Treatment (Waste Stabilization Ponds) Advantages Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads High reducution of solids, BOD and pathogens High nutrient removal if combined with aquaculture Low operating cost No electrical energy required No real problems with flies or odours if designed and maintained correctly Can be built and repaired with locally available materials 4 0 obj Facultative ponds typically range from 3 to 8 feet in depth. Clintons lagoon system was constructed in 1987. 90% BOD and TSS; high pathogen reduction and relatively high removal of ammonia and phosphorus; Total HRT: 20 to 60 days, Low capital costs where land prices are low; very low operation costs. endstream Facultative ponds should be constructed to a depth of 1 to 2.5 m and have a detention time between 5 to 30 days. What are the advantages and disadvantages of these three Waste Stablization Ponds listed below: Advantages C Simple, reliable, biological process. In a series of WSPs, the effluent from the anaerobic pond is transferred to the facultative pond, where further BOD is removed. If you have any concerns or complaints relating to the article, please send an email, providing a detailed Leeds: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), SHILTON, A. T$1MoG##}vQP"$=q^(XknABEo2$ w6+,i~}v_4S22$p_h+r"\v+xU~56Uu_AtW`:1ci0whs1VSJpANM9qAn@WM>u.E YD O=Sl 'b* [V;.Kih+'^\j_.OUzwt^ tah;,zGb'hLOY k_!uJUu^zX{h @cxxZIup y,"hA}[ Design must be carried out by expert. As the wastewater flows over the . endobj Effluent treatment standards that are currently accepted in order to protect public health and safety are reviewed. endobj 0000188072 00000 n hXn6= %PDF-1.4 macrophyteor fish ponds). ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Some advantages and disadvantages of TFs are listed below. Please enable JavaScript on your browser and try again. The process (as in septic tanks) relies on the sedimentation of settable solids and subsequent anaerobic digestion in the resulting sludge layer. HW~B$4vfzWe NwN:3yNRGJC?@B! If the design or operation management is not in place, it will cause secondary pollution . (b) (i) Considering the discharge of organic effluent into a river, compare the processes of reaeration of the stream and the rate of decomposition of the organic waste for the four different zones of the polluted stream 0000007068 00000 n (2014): T w"F:ddH^0% /@ 0[#a%KI E@' _{a~d Q/d"8+ .U p9 GG^tS~0-o_Oa/Vxi>5IJvo}=~4iKuz};p/^x],;^{?-{m*:Vt7u@@7*@ y;tv DG3H.>k+>'//_^V^vzK_^|.^a{uw]+uOZ{uu_Q`dIvP$#&fGF#R0=_ppV f=]%&z\/_uvz/.}=ko_an_]I&^z}-o]_s! Ests aqu: research opportunities for high school students fall 2021; lakeside high school football; <>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Image/ColorSpace/DeviceGray/Name/im1/Width 1926/BitsPerComponent 1/Length 2956/Height 2190/Filter/CCITTFaxDecode>>stream For strong wastes (common in developing countries, as water consumption is low), the facultative pond is usually the biggest of all. 1 0 obj Photosynthetic algae release oxygen into the water and at the same time consume carbon dioxide produced by the respiration of bacteria. -Mx-BGT""D4h0D BOToBr M v:]O%W!dR5!Cd6h"0 ;(S#fn@8l.A="ps<2xCDT9]h2 f!@eu8\&eq!C@2G,r9#e5P'+@6pdqC4:5aGO\OOY|:A` =~uA.OONaS='t> *>o{ ":QwONp'KO~OmOo X\"di0'x? The major topics covered are: microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment, reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics, conversion of organic and inorganic matter, sedimentation, aeration. (a) (0) How would you describe a facultative pond? <>stream The 55 chapters are divided into 7 parts over two volumes: Volume One: (1) Introduction to wastewater characteristics, treatment and disposal; (2) Basic principles of wastewater treatment; (3) Stabilisation ponds; (4) Anaerobic reactors; Volume Two (also available in the SSWM library): (5) Activated sludge; (6) Aerobic biofilm reactors; (7) Sludge treatment and disposal. endobj Required fields are marked *. 1. In particular, the appendix and annex provide a working example and a simple methodology to help the designer in preparing adequately detailed designs. A study on management and institutional aspects regarding the challenges and possible improvements in managing faecal sludge. Require little energy, with systems designed to operate with gravity flow. <> Advantages and Disadvantages of Wsp Systems endobj Perspectives are like filters: they compile and structure the information that relate to a given focus theme, region or context. Source: WSP (2007). They use less energy than most waste water treatment methods. According to the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), stabilisation ponds are the most cost-effective (semi-)centralised wastewater treatment technology for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms. If the design or operation management is not in place, it will cause secondary pollution . The top layer of the pond receives oxygen from natural diffusion, wind mixing and algae-driven photosynthesis. The inflow of the anaerobic pond should be close to the sludge layer at the bottom . 1 0 obj 1. facultative pond advantages and disadvantagesmyer hr contactmyer hr contact The ponds can be used individually, or linked in a series for improved treatment. At peak sun radiation, the pond will be mostly aerobic due to algal activity, while at sunrise the pond will be predominantly anaerobic (ERTAS et al. 5 Stabilizing the pond body and its inlet and outlet (1) Design points of the stabilization pond colleen bready married 51 21 October 13, 2010 no comments. endobj facultative pond advantages and disadvantages Corinna: HWr x}tliU@$f/G9EPrT\i I]pc,>}u#A#jOV)viAHdO}t PDF United States Environmental Protection Agency Wastewater Technology T w"F:ddH^0% /@ 0[#a%KI E@' _{a~d Q/d"8+ .U p9 GG^tS~0-o_Oa/Vxi>5IJvo}=~4iKuz};p/^x],;^{?-{m*:Vt7u@@7*@ y;tv DG3H.>k+>'//_^V^vzK_^|.^a{uw]+uOZ{uu_Q`dIvP$#&fGF#R0=_ppV f=]%&z\/_uvz/.}=ko_an_]I&^z}-o]_s! 2 0 obj 8. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages Waste Stabilisation Ponds is the third volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment. (2) The inlet and outlet of the stabilization pond. The width and slope of the top of the embankment . An aerobic pond is commonly referred to as a maturation, polishing, or finishing pond because it is usually the last step in a series of ponds and provides the final level of treatment. Depending on the requirement for the final effluent in terms of pathogen reduction, only anaerobic and facultative ponds are necessary in some instances. The concept of managing urban wastewater flows at a decentralised or "intermediate" level, based on micro watersheds, is explored. <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP) | SSWM - Find tools for sustainable '\ 2. W&+I4@aI\'@ 0000001295 00000 n This makes them particularly suitable for developing countries where many conventional wastewater treatment plants have failed because water and sewer utilities did not generate sufficient revenue to pay the electricity bill for the plant (IRC 2004) (see also -financing projects). <> The service requires full JavaScript support in order to view this website. "!qAl0s +)\* `sDx>ZHJ,LE.wJgPbLj6dPfn? PES Dispersion BSP-450 99% White liquid Best Make, C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins 64742-16-1, acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer 99.6% White CAS9003-18-3 crm, Trade Alert - Delivering the latest product trends and industry news straight to your inbox. The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies. (We`ll never share your email address with a third-party.). Facultative and anaerobic ponds may be charged with high-strength wastewater. <> 20 0 obj 2nd Revised Edition, Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1, Training Material on Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment, Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods, Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes, Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems, Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands Design Manual, Design Manual for Waste Stabilization Ponds in Mediterranean Countries. Im~:{;L(5?T2Vs/IZ1sdm4i0LZ$&&Pl-F@:)}0$/R}~jZNg&[ag8Wz ~o X Lagoon systems can be cost-effective to design and construct in areas where land is inexpensive. New York: `# ~a8ivHjy2_diw"sfGDl2lG] <> HWn9 ycf2l2k//%qM7db afUS?_$/X{x Your email address will not be published. In addition, it is one of the few low-cost natural processes, which provides good treatment of pathogens. x[:4iMH8y'8`"mPIB?/=}~#2,X0@1M?#_73?|qwfTf?i$"1l}8 p\@TeK,O#yFd(rg?dbi'p?,>,Pz|= ? Facultative waste stabilization ponds, sometimes referred to as lagoons or ponds, are frequently used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater in the . Ideally, several aerobic ponds can be built in series to provide a high level of pathogen removal. m}~pPeh'/H+:Z~PO{izUG[4@'a5uIUWI{r AwOU[XkotJ^JDB]$% pP2A=-__T[5O :-fS0'[t!(!AD#AySAuJv;$YL1d|iqvl p.E~0W Sludge can be removed by using a raft-mounted sludge pump, a mechanical scraper at the bottom of the pond or by draining and dewatering the pond and removing the sludge with a front-end loader. endobj {z,B2Y\jkU5^IwYf0i4jfm]pRwI 5|Y0##ju?iV/HUsLgNWnf.0ykr&^:]?+dg"#{!K8?~yO?=~RJ{/6jo1eH98J^0z25&\N;2^,<7G(lH=Nh`/w=epGE +Y&\pgc6+V:P#ZGU_ ZvQ z s_:n*yU!2]WYy\=M56mzWKYx"gR[5] %-&: YfsQqrll1 SbRQrUpIo^NcRj? (9k|6m}ue|dU?1gXD.Rw Tv}~MF+_HW#?xWe8&. fish ponds). PDF Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet - US EPA <> However, large surface areas and expert design are required. <> <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> Require much less land than facultative ponds, depending on the design conditions. macrophyte or. Advantages and Disadvantages of WSP The advantages of WSP include: Wind energy is one of the important auxiliary energy sources of the stabilization pond. There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) Advantages and Disadvantages Ponds have many advantages and disadvantages compared to treatment in plants. <<0C81AFE751A7AE46B9A779547FC88B2D>]>> The principal objective of the study was to asses if existing treatment ponds could be used in the future as thickening ponds for the sludge. N-^WJCQoU8lgL^laYXk lq5!JWDlpDS|WqxHlwaB#5nJy>y8b5:ypcluxqu6/*W!9?G! Solved What are the advantages and disadvantages of these | Chegg.com ti raleigh 40th anniversary replica. <> <> endobj sergei fedorov current wife; melbourne demons 2017; gonzaga assistant coach salary; tribal loans florida. endobj The main advantage of anaerobic ponds in a system is that they reduce by as much as 50% the land required for the facultative pond. The annexe contains a practical collection of factsheets on selected sanitation system options. Oxidation pond for municipal wastewater treatment | SpringerLink 0000001643 00000 n It also describes the approaches used in deriving the guidelines, including health-based targets, and includes a substantive revision of approaches to ensuring microbial safety. [(K (2003): <> The last ponds serves for the retention of stabilised solids and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms via heating rise of pH and solar disinfection. The major disadvantages of WSPs are a rather long process of days to week (MARA & PEARSON 1998;ROSE 1999) and requirement of large areas of land far away from homes and public spaces for the construction (DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT1998). Untitled Document [water.mecc.edu] Volume II. PEARSON, H.W. Please enable cookies on your browser and try again. are widely used in activated sludge process and oxidation ditch process . Before the exit of the stabilization pond, a scum baffle should be installed, but before the advanced treatment pond, no baffle should be installed to avoid trapping algae . 0000003867 00000 n duckweed) or fish (e.g. Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Facultative Lagoons stream <> The advantages of mass communication are as follows. description of the concern or complaint, to, The source of this page with content of products and services is from Internet, It has the characteristics of low energy consumption, convenient operation and maintenance, and low cost . 6R_ (X We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages This process is automatic. www.waterworld.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. The algal production of oxygen occurs near the surface of aerobic ponds to the depth to which light can penetrate (i.e. The relative advantages and disadvantages of ponds are compared to other small community treatment systems, such as rotary biological contactors, biological filters and reed-bed systems,. Some of AIWPS applications are given, emphasizing removal efficiencies in every unit. Emery, R. KAYOMBO, S. MBWETTE, T. S. A. KATIMA, J. H. Y. LADEGAARD, N. JORGENSEN, S. E. The book has been divided in two parts. Scum that builds up on the pond surface should be regularly removed. <>/Metadata 2123 0 R/ViewerPreferences 2124 0 R>> c) Aerobic Pond, Water stabilization ponds are the large man-made basins in which greywater, blackwater or faecal sludge can be treated to an effluent of relatively high quality and apt for the reuse in agriculture (e.g. Technologies for these sanitation options are presented. ifk ume tvlingskalender / facultative pond advantages and disadvantages. Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment is the second volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment, and focusses on the unit operations and processes associated with biological wastewater treatment. endobj 7 0 obj Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. The supporting information includes a standard systems approach which can be adopted universally; the theoretical background on the biological, chemical and physical processes of each method, the current state of the technology and technical knowledge on how to design, operate and maintain them; and theoretical knowledge on how best the models may be used to describe the systems. They are simple to operate and maintain and generally require only part-time stuff. irrigation) or aquaculture (e.g. o2Ctdd5[I,L 3p,cL0uWEL%#N*dv The most serious disadvantages are a long retention time, the release . Ft#sqD|)qr vDu Facultative ponds and open digesting tanks are the most commonly used anaerobic processes for the treatment of POME (Yacob et al., 2005). series of vertical and horizontal-flow planted soil filters). 0000003487 00000 n . (= Integrated Environmental Technology Series which doesn't represent ECHEMI's opinion. If reuse is not possible, WSPs may not be adequate for areas sensitive to eutrophication (UNEP 2004). <> <> A solar pond is a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. Effluent from some types of lagoons Contains algae and often requires additional treatment or polishing to meet discharge standards. G 6fo/lpn`n4JH@29h7g0\{f. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages facultative pond endobj a. If there is a certain height difference between the inlet water elevation of the aeration pond and the pond water surface elevation, then this height difference can be considered for oxygenation by falling water . oKz~[_Zn[U/_Z x2}[[oJ.O_[/k^m~|5J~[\%{Z NCh{!@8]{p.9x^AA* yU2)GbD_.GZ d[GO[tZWv/uK^iMn ^4tM4_i_ B[T[oa0k*ov{k}GIW ePRw4aW/L&i rkUd $_L}~NTA~u]oN2 facultative pond advantages and disadvantages. Very simple. irrigation) or aquaculture (e.g. 8.1.1.4 The advantages and disadvantages of the stabilization pond treatment process. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages union county ky obituaries. The liner can be clay, asphalt, compacted earth, or another impervious material. 13 0 obj It is common for the depth near the inlets to be 10 to 12 feet. 11 0 obj 6 0 obj endobj Stabilization ponds are the preferred wastewater treatment process in developing countries, where land is often available at reasonable opportunity cost and skilled labour is in short supply. endobj It can beautify the environment and form an ecological landscape . The second part of the guide consists of technical factsheets which give a practical overview of the technical and economic characteristics, the operating principle and the pros and cons of the 29 sanitation technology options most commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa. These ponds do not require primary treatment and the added depth is needed to handle the substantial increase in solids loadings. Facultative ponds mean large, but shallow basins meant for the treatment of the sewage through the application of both anaerobic and aerobic processes (Bougrier et al. 5 Stabilizing the pond body and its inlet and outlet, (1) Design points of the stabilization pond. To prevent leaching, the ponds should have a liner. Unless they are property maintained, lagoons can provide a breeding area for mosquitoes and other insects. Lesson 7: Stabilization Ponds - Mountain Empire Community College 1 0 obj Convert organic matter in sewage into aquatic crops, fish, waterfowl and other substances, and provide them for human use or other purposes . Only slightly polluted wastewater may be discharged directly into primary facultative ponds. The sewage treatment stabilization pond system can be used to make use of abandoned rivers, swamps, canyons, abandoned reservoirs and other areas. Additional oxygen can be introduced by wind due to vertical mixing of the water. endobj This publication deals with the feasibility of waste stabilisation ponds for the simultaneous treatment of collected sludge (by vacuum trucks) and wastewater from the domestic sewer system. <> CHrc!xGEc3"Xes.pS`yqGR9)G2 In a first pond (anaerobic pond), solids and settleable organics settles to the bottom forming a sludge, which is, digested anaerobic by microorganism. Settleable solids accumulate and are digested on the bottom of the pond. The main function of anaerobic ponds is BOD removal, which can be reduced 40 to 85 % (WSP 2007). Some advantages and disadvantages of facultative lagoons are listed below: Advantages Moderately effective in removing settleable solids, BOD, pathogens, fecal coliform, and ammonia. H} 0C' 6 local infiltration or garden irrigation) to rather complex treatment trains for neighbourhoods (e.g. To remove the algae from aerobic pond, effluents rock filtration, grass plots, floating macrophytes and herbivorous fish can be used, but most commonly, the effluent flows directly in a final maturation pond. % The documented systems, which vary significantly in terms of complexity, performance and costs, range from simple systems for single-house applications (e.g. %2zFPztVOZT?pI!>?>}{ZOE/ Pilot studies could demonstrate their performance in the local context; however none of the full-scale applications works. >}zUv6yS?iQpH3mB.Ib W?C?H' B`6ke@0wUSy=7I ^>z0WZ6n)/j&}. c. If a multi-stage stabilization pond system is adopted, the overtaking setting should be considered between the stabilization ponds at all levels . (aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative bacteria; fungi; algae; and protozoa) attached to the medium as a biological film or slime layer (approximately 0.1 to 0.2 mm thick). endobj INTRODUCTION An aerated lagoon or aerated basin is a holding and/or treatment pond provided with artificial aeration to promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters. endobj <> % endobj The terrain can be fully utilized, and the structure of the structure is simple . The ponds can be used individually, or linked in a series for improved treatment. Aerobic ponds are usually between 0.5 to 1.5 m deep with a detention time of 15 to 20 days . _____ It covers both technical and non-technical (socio-cultural, economic, political etc.) 5 0 obj 51 0 obj <> endobj 8 0 obj xref These systems are composed of a series of ponds: (1) anaerobic ponds, (2) facultative ponds, and (3) maturation ponds. Table 1 provides a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of ponds with those of high-rate and low-rate biological wastewater treatment processes (note that Aereated Lagoon and WSP system are considered low-rate biological wastewater treatment processes). facultative pond advantages and disadvantages ^ZJw\xw@y9/#}m]Y"}. Biogas may also be recovered for use when anaerobic ponds are covered with a floating plastic membrane (PENA VARON 2004) (see also reuse of biogas). Case Study of the Facultative Lagoon System, Gestin de agua y saneamiento sostenible en zonas rurales, http://www.lagoonsonline.com/clinton-water-district.htm, Settle undigested material and non-degradable solids as bottom sludge, Break down biodegradable organic material, Further treat wastewater through sedimentation and aerobic oxidation of organic material, Reduce some disease-causing microorganisms if. Anaerobic ponds are built to a depth of 2 to 5 m and have a relatively short detention time of 1 to 7 days. Wastewater pond technology with anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds in Trichy, India Wastewater treatment ponds in El Cerrito, Colombia. Your email address will not be published. endobj Short factsheet on the design, operation, maintenance and costs of facultative ponds in the United States. Lagoons are one of the most popular methods for wastewater treatment around . Pre-treatment (see Pre Treatment Technologies) is essential to prevent scum formation and to hinder excess solids and garbage from entering the ponds. endobj Reliable if ponds are maintained well, and if temperatures are not too low. PDF Lesson 1 Math 22 0 obj FPs can result in the removal of 80 to 95% of the BOD5 (SPERLING 2007), which means an overall removal of 95% over the two ponds (AP and FP). %%EOF Both have to deal with aeration of the water being treated, but in ponds, oxygen is transferred directly into the water across the surface area without the need for any equipment. Hence, this paper can be useful as a technical manual. Advantages Disadvantages 5) A pond with DO distributed throughout is a _____ pond. Because photosynthesis is driven by sunlight, the dissolved oxygen levels are highest during the day and drop off at night. 2 0 obj Transformation of Waste Stabilization Ponds: Reengineering of an - MDPI This allows you to quickly navigate to the content of your particular interest while promoting the holistic understanding of sustainable sanitation and water management. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages - Gunsdown.net ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Some advantages and disadvantages of facultative lagoons are listed below: Advantages Moderately effective in removing settleable solids, BOD, pathogens, fecal coliform, and ammonia. /_XOz[j Wz{{v~6duh@^uoWI8$z\5 xoj kP<6)xvZnQ<2~Uw:I@x1/z'R2RKI>?zz!9 rc[t`Yh)9J.r$H-ErcC>VTr+p BC4Dh= facultative pond advantages and disadvantages - Abconsultant.pk russian central bank rothschild. Advantages and disadvantages of stabilization pond treatment - ECHEMI A berm can protect from erosion or the invasion by vegetation and a fence can protect the lagoons from people and animals and prevent that garbage is thrown in. endobj Learn more about troubleshooting WordPress. 5 0 obj Stabilization Ponds . The effluent from lagoon systems can be suitable for irrigation (where appropriate), because of its high-nutrient and low pathogen content. The lower layer is deprived of oxygen and becomes anoxic or anaerobic. the article or any translations thereof. hQk0=n/&DP|C1&p6jo$b=t/~) n2\^?t What are lagoon systems?, Advantages and Disadvantages of Lagoon Systems, Two, Three or Four Lagoons are Better than One, Facultative Lagoons Treat Wastewater Naturally, Lagoons Use Simple Design, Lagoons Need Proper Operation, Maintenance, . <> 19 0 obj Case Study on the fishponds in sewage-fed lagoons in Kolkata. Perspectives are different frameworks from which to explore the knowledge around sustainable sanitation and water management. 0000001707 00000 n Waste Stabilization Pond - Akvopedia The anaerobic pond is the primary treatment stage and reduces the organic load in the wastewater. 11 0 obj IT experts - since 1997. 20 0 obj Various case studies on the reuse of pond and lagoon treated water in urban agriculture. Waste Stabilization Pond Systems are summarized and Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPS) are investigated. This website makes no representation or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness ownership or reliability of Comparison of the treatment performance of different waste stabilisation ponds. Total nitrogen removal in WSP systems can reach 80% or more, and ammonia removal can be as high as 95%. After proper design, the natural aeration and oxygenation of wind energy can be realized in the stabilization pond, so as to save electric energy and reduce processing energy consumption . ()#2mVA'IQ>iJ\&6!K,\/H}Ku3 Qg5#C'N2Qc#l^U$q &n?Sdogl(a0wALSv>oQ;nqs}cHG b. !J=WIt@XY>APw~4 r89>g)#l0|#@d{&9 The technical content was reviewed by Prof. Duncan Mara (University of Leeds, England). 10 0 obj This document provides information and instructions on waste stabilisation ponds. W&+I4@aI\'@ 1992) and anaerobic ponds do not or only rarely contain algae. The wind has an important effect on the behavior of facultative ponds, as it induces vertical mixing of the pond liquid. To protect the pond from runoff and erosion, a protective berm should be constructed around the pond using the excavated material. 9 0 obj The service requires full cookie support in order to view this website.