why was henry vii called the winter king

why was henry vii called the winter king

Henry VIII Books Exploring the Best Books on Englands Most Infamous King, 18 February 1516 The birth of Queen Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". His second son, also called Henry, inherited the throne and became . With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. His account of Henry's government is more contentious than he lets on. Henry Tudors claim to the throne was, therefore, weak and of no importance until the deaths in 1471 of Henry VIs only son, Edward, of his own two remaining kinsmen of the Beaufort line, and of Henry VI himself, which suddenly made Henry Tudor the sole surviving male with any ancestral claim to the house of Lancaster. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. On 7th August 1485, he dropped anchor at Mill Bay, Milford Haven, and when he reached the beach he prayed Judge me, O Lord, and favour my cause. The odds were stacked against him in his quest to take the throne of England. But definitely rewarding! Martin Luther 95 thesis. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. Henrys Chamber Accounts show payment to strangers and people across the sea, who appear to have been part of a network of spies and informers who kept an eye on potential troublemakers and alerted the King. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. I really enjoyed it. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. Thank you for subscribing. Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. [64] This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. ), The Reign of Henry VII. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. Through this, he found that his Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, was involved in the plot. He had finished his palace of Richmond, he was controlling his allies and keeping an eye on his enemies, and now was the time to finalise the marriage agreement between England and Spain. His claim to the throne was precarious and was from an illegitimate line, a family who had been banned from taking the throne, so Henry needed to make the people believe that he was their rightful King and to do that he had to start behaving like one. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. Possession of something the French King wanted also made the Duke of Brittany safer in his own duchy. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. Some of them have more to say than Penn about the constructive sides of the reign, which developed the state-building methods of his Yorkist predecessors. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. Doubtless the plotters were encouraged by the deaths of Henrys sons in 1500 and 1502 and of his wife in 1503. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. Updates? Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. Both parties realised they were mutually disadvantaged by the reduction in commerce. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. The union was both symbolic and necessary. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. Penn's picture of a reign of terror carries disturbing echoes of the Roman historian Tacitus's account of the emperor Tiberius, another ruler whose abridgements of liberty followed an era of civil strife. Henry needed an heir to secure his reign and fortunately an heir came quickly. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Henry, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, was born nearly three months after his fathers death. [22] Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while restoring his own. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . For many he remained a usurper, a false king. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. Early life There are an awful lot of books written about the Tudor era, both fiction and non-fiction, so you have to ask whether this book adds anything new. It took Henry, who in any case needed to marry her if the expected issue was to solve the succession problem, some six years to achieve their joint purpose. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. [28], Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. [32], Next, in 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy they claimed to be Edward of Warwick (who was actually a prisoner in the Tower). Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. 8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII - HISTORY Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. I don't read a lot of NF because I usually find it to be tedious, but The Winter King certainly wasn't that. They were appointed for every shire and served for a year at a time. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. Henry started a new policy to recover Guyenne and other lost Plantagenet claims in France. He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. [2] His father died three months before his birth. His bouts of grave illness brought the question repeatedly to the fore. The parts on how he abused his position and the law to enrich himself while an entire nation watched helplessly are, frankly, pretty relevant to now. He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. [62], Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. Today is Shrove Tuesday time for pancakes! BBC Two - Henry VII: The Winter King, Backdating Henry's reign To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. (1): (April 24, 1883. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. Why is Henry VIII's Tomb So Small When His Life Was So Very Opulent? Watch for $0.00 with Prime. Stanley placed Richards circlet on Henrys head, he was now King. [5], The descent of Henry's mother, Margaret, through the legitimised House of Beaufort bolstered Henry's claim to the English throne. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. I thought the way he controled the nobility was fascinating - keeping them in check as well a raising vast sums of money at the same time. Unfortunately, since all I really wanted to know about was learning about Henry the 7th and his family as people - the things that happened to them, what kind of people they were, etc. [37], For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. Henry VII's reign has yielded an evocative study, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, ILLUSTRATION: CLIFFORD HARPER/AGRAPHIA.CO.UK. Hence, the king was plagued with conspiracies until nearly the end of his reign. Yet Henry's techniques of power went beyond the needs of surveillance and survival. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. He was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. Castles of . Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. When Henry VIII and Francis I Spent $19 Million on the Field of Cloth Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Musings on History - Henry VII - Learn for Pleasure But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. More than a biography of Henry VII, this book is really a highly detailed history of the last ten years of his reign, and how he meticulously and ruthlessly turned England into a police state ruled by what amounted to an organized crime syndicate. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. When Henry VII became king, the royal exchequer was effectively bankrupt. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. He was the only child of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. If Penn's interpretation can sometimes seem slanted, its exposition would be hard to over-praise. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. Henry VII was born on 28 January 1457 at Pembroke Castle, in the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales. [75], Henry VII died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace on 21 April 1509 and was buried in the chapel he commissioned in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Elizabeth. Penn ended the programme by visiting the tombs of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York in Henrys chapel at Westminster Abbey, a chapel that remains at the heart of political life. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. [10] A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. In my never-ending quest to read possibly every single published book on the Tudor monarchy, I spied this little gem a few weeks ago and picked it up. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. When Henry VII called his first parliament he used it as an opportunity to legitimise his reign. More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. Having seen it pop up in a lot of papers' Books of the Year lists, I think I was expecting something altogether more gripping and dramatic, but in the end I thought the story of Henry VII and the Tudor succession was just not an especially thrilling tale. Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy.

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