terebinth tree symbolism
terebinth tree symbolism
In Latin, the term robur refers to a pair of leaves: oak and terebinth. The Terebinth is a dioecious tree, which means it has two sexes. The terebinth is a dioecious tree, i.e. Thanks for reading! it exists as male and female specimens. Terebinth - Science of Correspondences Many famous trees in the Hebrew Bible are terebinths, for example: the tree under which Jacob buried Labans idols (Gen. 35:4) and the tree in Orpah under which the angel who visited Gideon sat (Judg. In the plural form this word occurs in Isaiah 1:29; 57:5 (AV marg. Cara means both "head" and "tree top," which likely refers to her status as an oracular figure in Greece. These seeds were also among seven types of edible nuts found along with stone tools to crack them open at Gesher Bnot Yaakov near the banks of the northern Jordan River, where our prehistoric ancestors ate them some 780,000 years ago. https://www.etymonline.com/word/terebinth, Etymology of terebinth by etymonline, Harper, D. (n.d.). Historian of Mycenae John Chadwick believes that the terebinth is the plant called ki-ta-no in some of the Linear B tablets. The distinction between the two is clear (now). In the spring the tree sprouts fist-sized growths, called galls. Its meaning and significance will be explored below. D. Harper. "terebinth of Paran," a city and harbor on the Red Sea. There was another leader in Israel who dug a hole . In this post I want to share a few words about two very famous (and misunderstood) trees that appear frequently in the Bible: the oak and the terebinth. These two features very easily combine, and they agree in representing to us mysterious sympathy between tree and human life. Fill in your details and we will contact you shortly. What exactly does Joshua mean when says clear the forest? of a sickly person are fixed to a tree, or they are forcibly inserted in a hole in the trunk, or the tree is split and the patient passes through the aperture. Astrological Association: In Crudens Concordance the alternative tr. Named the state reptile in 1993, the small spiny creatures are renowned for their tough-guy appearance and startling defense strategies, which include squirting blood from their eyes and puffing up their bodies to twice the normal size. Mamre - Wikipedia It is in such situations not infrequently as much as 40 ft. high and spreads its branches, with their thick, dark-green foliage, over a wide area (compare 2 Samuel 18:9, 14; Ecclesiasticus 24:16). Thus the lowly aphids protect the tree from overgrazing. All content Bullock Texas State History Museum , North American Reciprocal Museum (NARM) Association. "terebinth," an Israelite name, also a Hittite, also a city in Dan. A Look At The Science Behind The Natural Remedy, The FLIR TG165: An Infrared Camera For Detecting Termites In Homes And Buildings, Act Quickly To Control And Eliminate Termites In Your Apartment, Finding The Right Professional For Termite Control. A Feast Fit for Angels - Holy Land Studies. Before he died in 1906, former governor James Stephen Hogg requested that a pecan tree mark his grave. Elah. Word Origin from the same as ulam Definition a terebinth NASB Word Usage oaks (3). Pistacia terebinthus var. writers; yet the two are very different trees to any but the most superficial observation.The terebinth-Pistacia terebinthus (Natural Order, Anacardiaceae), Arabic Butm-is a tree allied to the P. vera, which produces the pistachio nut, and to the familiar "pepper tree" (Schinus molle) so extensively cultivated in modern Palestine. The Hebrew distinguishes the Palestine oak and the terebinth. Hebrew may have originally denoted large, strong trees in general (comp. The Bible says it was from the boughs of a great terebinth (some versions say oak) that Absalom found himself caught by his famously heavy tresses, when his fathers general, Joab, found him and ran him through (2 Sam. ayil -- a terebinth ayil. Terebinth is a small flowering, deciduous tree or large shrub that normally grows about 2 6 meters tall, occasionally reaching 12 meters. It was used for idol construction and to make a boat (the epoch of Ashoka). The fruit trees of the Land (such as the almond seen below) begin to flower in late January, and so this was chosen as the most suitable date to mark the birthday of all trees in the Land. If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. 426 . ). Terebinths are also found in Isaiah in possible reference to idolatry associated with the trees, although in the Septuagint and Vulgate the word is translated 'idols', as the plural of el.). More than 100 species of the abundant wild cactus grow in Texas, the most of any state. Disclaimer, e-mail: [emailprotected] Both of these Hebrew words are commonly translated as "oak" or "terebinth" in English Bibles, leading to quite a bit of confusion. of the subjects you write regarding here. In the winter the tree can be recognized by its large and pilose buds. Leaves alternate, leathery and compound paripinnate (no terminal leaflet) with three or six deep green leaflets. Terebinth. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/terebinth. (n.) Mediterranean tree, a member of the sumac family, late 14c., from Old French therebint (13c. (Hosea 4:12-13). Thank you. Hazel Tree Symbolism and Meanings | Grooving Trees Sometimes, boughs or plants are selected and the individual draws omens of life and death. They have 3-7 stamens with short filaments. Austin artist Peter Krag was paid a fee of $10 (about $200 in current dollars) to make an architectural rendering of Stewart's original freehand flag design. The tree's ancient name is yet more evidence of pagan devotion to trees, going as far back at least to Caananite times, and of the pistachio's association with goddess worship that the Bible mentions frequently (for example, Jeremiah 17:1-2): "The sin of Judah is written with a pen of iron, and with the point of a diamond: it is graven upon the table of their heart, and upon the horns of your altars; Whilst their children remember their altars and their groves by the green trees upon the high hills.". Terebinth is rich in tannins and also contains a resinous substance. Not only is the pistachio considered sacred by some: it has a unique symbiotic relationship with a certain kind of aphid. Under The Oak And Terebinth Trees - Israel Institute of Biblical Studies Significance of trees in religion and folklore, Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trees_in_mythology&oldid=1117253698, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, In literature, a mythology was developed by. By 16c. The male flowers have a sepal with 3-5 lobes, and they too do not have a corolla. Other official mammal state symbols include the armadillo (designated in 1927) and the Mexican free-tailed bat (1995). A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse; The Texas rodeo has its roots in the Spanish cattle culture of the 1700s. The terebinth, also known as the pistachio tree, is a member of the cashew family and is native to the Mediterranean region. Research has also shown that the galls even release antibacterial and antifungal agents that also protect the tree. Mamre is a significant archaeological site that has been discovered in recent years. Human beings, observing the growth and death of trees, and the annual death and revival of their foliage, [1] [2] have often seen them as powerful symbols of growth, death and rebirth. Biologic Scanmask: An Effective Method To Protect Against Termites? The terebinth produces a green, fleshy fruit that is encased in a hard, outer shell. They appear in large groups which acquire a very eye-catching pink color when they ripen. In fact, some people still do, as seen by colorful pieces of cloth or even plastic bags tied to such trees to this day. Its bark is greyish or brown and cracks with age. Terebinthic Terebinth Encyclopedias Lexicons (teh' reh bihnth) A large, spreading tree whose species is uncertain so that translations vary in reading the Hebrew elah into English (compare 2 Samuel 18:9; Isaiah 1:30; Isaiah 6:13 ). It is also quite beneficial for liver, kidney, heart, and respiratory system disorders. Again, awesome site! can you offer guest writers Consequently, both these trees were the subject of much criticism from the prophets in the Hebrew Bible. Tourists flock to this location on a regular basis. The male flowers have a sepal with 3-5 lobes, and they too do not have a corolla. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. The brown wood is very attractive. The tree spirits will hold sway over the surrounding forest or district, and the animals in the locality are often sacred and must not be harmed. A terebinth tree, also called a elah tree, likely symbolizes the Edomites and is associated with foolish/worthless/misguided strength. A triterpene has been extracted from these galls. Most Texans call the state reptile a horny toad, but it is actually a horned lizard. May God in Jesus Christ through His Holy Spirit continue to richly bless you. Some terebinths are low and bushy, like in the Valley of Elah, where David fought Goliath (1 Sam. According to the Bible, Abraham entertained the three angels in Mamre. Symbolism: Restoring balance, increasing vitality. In the first chapter of the Bible, Abraham is commanded to sacrifice his son Isaac. Infant Daughter Burrier 1930-1930 - Ancestry Related: Terebinthine; terebinthaceous. Terms & conditions [5], In many parts of the world travelers have observed the custom of hanging objects upon trees in order to establish some sort of a relationship between themselves and the tree. Engl. 9; Isa. The pistil is short and cleft at its stigma. (See JPS DBY), Hosea 4:13They sacrifice on the tops of the mountains, and burn incense on the hills, under oaks and poplars and terebinths, because its shade is good. Peter Francis Joseph DeFazio MA, MDiv. [5] (The Hebrew word alon means 'oak', and the words may be related. Dwarfed trees occur among the brushwood all over the land.From this tree a kind of turpentine is obtained, hence, the alternative name "turpentine tree" (Ecclesiasticus 24:16 the King James Version, the Revised Version (British and American) "terebinth").E. They worship under oak (alon), poplar (livneh) and terebinth (elah) trees. The flowers range from purple to green, the fruit is the size of a pea and turns from red to brown, depending on the degree of maturation. In fact, chemical analysis showed that they emit quantities of stinky organic compounds called terpenes. The sap of the Terebinth tree is used in the production of turpentine, making it a valuable timber tree. I wouldnt mind composing a post or elaborating on some Red dye is obtained from galls that are formed on the leaves as a result of aphid infestation. It reduces Inflammation and relieves pain. Many Texas cowboys and cowgirls remain dominant forces in the sport today. The alon is also famously mentioned as a well-known landmark near the important Judahite city of Hebron: Elonei Mamre. An almond tree in bloom, late January early February. Pistacia terebinthus - Wikipedia But notice, burying your gods is not enough. The best known clear reference to a terebinth (elah) in the Hebrew Scriptures is that of the Valley of Elah or 'Valley of the Terebinth' ( ), where David fought Goliath (1 Samuel 17:2, 17:19). To the ancient Canaanites, the terebinth was sacred. Evergreen trees, which largely stay green throughout these cycles, are sometimes considered symbols of the eternal, immortality or fertility. The ovary is superior. The juicy, red, prickly pear fruits are often made into jams and jellies, pies, and wine. Since it is a native cactus and can tolerate drought, prickly pear cacti are regular features of Texas xeriscaping. "(5) In Genesis 14:6 Septuagint has terebinthos, as the translation of the el of El-paran. e'-lon ('elon "terebinth"): (1) A Zebulunite, who judged Israel ten years, and was buried in Aijalon (Judges 12:11, 12). (See JPS), 1 Samuel 10:3Then shalt thou go on forward from thence, and thou shalt come to the oak of Tabor; and there shall meet thee there three men going up to God to Beth-el, one carrying three kids, and another carrying three loaves of bread, and another carrying a bottle of wine: (See JPS), 2 Samuel 18:9And Absalom chanced to meet the servants of David. Soon after, ranchers rediscovered the tough and well-adapted cattle and they have been a mainstay of Texas ranching operations ever since. Pistacia terebinthus subsp. The biblical story of Mamre is told in the Book of Genesis. 357 . The female flowers have 2-5 sepals and no corolla. The terebinth--Pistacia terebinthus (Natural Order, Anacardiaceae), Arabic Butm]--is a tree allied to the P. vera, which produces the pistachio nut, and to the familiar "pepper tree" (Schinus molle) so extensively cultivated in modern Palestine. Sometimes a man's life depends upon the tree and suffers when it withers or is injured, and we encounter the idea of the external soul, already found in the Ancient Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers from at least 3000 years ago. Widespread in the wild and popular as a yard tree, the pecan is native to Texas and produces the state's only commercially grown nut. Then Joshua said to the house of Joseph, to Ephraim and Manasseh, You are indeed a numerous people, and have great power; you shall not have one lot only, but the hill country shall be yours, for though it is a forest, you shall clear it and possess it to its farthest borders; for you shall drive out the Canaanites, though they have chariots of iron, and though they are strong. (Joshua 17:17-18). Pistacia terebinthus var. 18:1), and others, has "plains," though the Septuagint and ancient interpreters generally render it, as here, by "oak," some by "terebinth" (turpentine tree //pamphilius/the life of constantine/chapter li that he ordered a.htm, Teil Teil tree. The longhorn became the large mammal symbol of Texas in 1995. Let us begin by looking at a famous biblical passage. Oak timber was used for the manufacture of idols (Isa. Terebinth scientifically known as Pistacia terebinthus is a deciduous tree species of the genus Pistacia and Sumac family (Anacardiaceae). The ovary is superior. God is in the terebinth tree literally. Propitiation is made before the axe is laid to the holy trees; loss of life or of wealth and the failure of rain are feared should they be wantonly cut; there are even trees which it is dangerous to climb. binth ter--bin (t)th : a small European tree (Pistacia terebinthus) of the cashew family yielding turpentine Word History Etymology Middle English terebynt, from Anglo-French terebinte, from Latin terebinthus more at turpentine First Known Use 14th century, in the meaning defined above Time Traveler Like the United States flag, the red, white, and blue colors in the Lone Star flag stand for courage (red), purity and liberty (white), and loyalty (blue). Anemones (Heb. Optio nam nihil ipsum magni, sint ex officiis quos voluptatum ducimus quidem, dicta natus, ipsam. and he will delight in the fear of the LORD. An alon that has sprouted several new trunks. Thus, what seems to be puncturing and deforming the leaves of the terebinth the aphids in their little gall cradles actually defend the trees and help them thrive from season to season, century to century - if no one cuts them down. Where the tree has been thus injured, its recovery and that of the patient are often associated. The mastic has winged stalks to its leaflets, i.e., the stalks are flattened and with side fins, whereas these stems in Pistacia terebinthus are simple. It was Abraham's terebinth tree, near the grove of Moreh, not far from Shechem, Thanath, Shiloh, and Aruma. The winter is the rainy season when the landscape is covered in green grass and leafy trees, as seen in the image above. At times, the butterflies fill the Texas sky and gather on the trees by the hundreds or thousands. the Spirit of counsel and of might, A coffee-like drink is made from the fruit. P. terebinthus is more moisture demanding than the mastic and more resistant to cold. [9] However, the main source of the terebinth turpentine is P. atlantica which produces abundant resin instead of P. terebinthus of which the amount of resin is limited. Evergreen trees, which largely stay green throughout these cycles, are sometimes considered symbols of the eternal, immortality or fertility. Pistacia terebinthus is more abundant in the mountains and inland and the mastic is usually found more frequently in areas where the Mediterranean influence of the sea moderates the climate. Of the Patriarch Jacob. Related: Terebinthine; terebinthaceous. Research genealogy for Infant Daughter Burrier of San Antonio, Bexar, Texas, USA, as well as other members of the Burrier family, on Ancestry. Abraham is told by the angel of the Lord that his son will be saved and will be the father of a large number of nations. Here is a photograph of an alon that has seemingly come back to life. [8] The word turpentine derives (via Old French and Latin) from the Greek word (terebinthn), the feminine form (to go with the feminine Greek word for resin) of an adjective (terebnthinos), derived from the Greek noun (terbinthos), the name for the terebinth tree. Later, when Jacob is fleeing from his brother Esau, he rests for the night at a terebinth tree and has a famous dream in which he sees a ladder reaching up to heaven. The primary distinction between the two trees is that the mastic tree is evergreen while the terebinth tree is deciduous. "It is clear that the translators are uncertain which translation is correct, and it would seem not improbable that then there was no clear distinction between oak and terebinth in the minds of the Old Testament. growing to a height of thirty-five ft. The terebinth extract consists of flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, and essential oils. But on they live! (See JPS DBY), Judges 6:11And the angel of Jehovah came, and sat under the oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained unto Joash the Abiezrite: and his son Gideon was beating out wheat in the winepress, to hide it from the Midianites. The plant is found growing in dry open woods, scrub, dry rock slopes, hillsides areas, pine forest, and maquis vegetation. Terebinth trees are native to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions. Therefore your daughters play the prostitute, and your brides commit adultery. Tamarisk trees are evergreen, hence they offer protection throughout all the seasons. It is also found in Genesis chapter 35, where Jacob commands his family to remove idols that were taken as booty from the battle in Shechem before travelling to Bethel. The leaves are pinnate, four to six pairs, and they change color and fall in autumn, leaving the trunk bare (compare Isaiah 1:30). It has a gray trunk that is very aromatic, and may have multiple trunks or stems when grown as a shrub. [11] In Turkey, it is known as menengi or bttm. Resin from the trunk is used as a vegetable and as a chewing gum. The Lords strength is revealed in the terebinth tree, which is His righteousness and power even in the light of His righteousness. Online Etymology Dictionary. Some scholars think that the well-known messianic prophecy of a shoot out of the stump of Jesse in Isaiah 11 might be a reference to an elah or alon tree. xxxv., I Sam. Mamre, a religious site in Judaism, is thought to be one of the earliest. Calculating the age of a tree is important for determininga whole host of Jewish agricultural laws that are incumbent upon trees: orlah, maaser sheni and other tithes. Accessed $(datetimeMla). (See JPS), Genesis 35:4And they gave unto Jacob all the foreign gods which were in their hand, and the rings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem. It is often called a living fossil because it has remained unchanged for millions of years. Post the Definition of terebinth to Facebook, Share the Definition of terebinth on Twitter. Like the latter the terebinth has red berries, like small immature grapes. At one time terebinths growing on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea (in Syria, Lebanon and Israel) were regarded as a separate species, Pistacia palaestina,[2] but these are now considered to be a synonym of P. terebinthus. Today we know that Jacob did the Egyptians a favor the true pistachio, a relative of the Atlantic pistachio, is now widely touted as a superfood. and strongas it was in the beginning.thank you again..shalom, I want to thank you for your information on the trees here, I am studying Isaiah and now I can picture On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. According to Tristram, the following three species of oak are at present common in Palestine: (1) the prickly evergreen oak ( Quercus . (2) 'elim (Isaiah 1:29, "oaks," margin "terebinths"). The Hebrew name of the tree, elah, is derived from the word El God. See TEREBINTH. 17:2 - elah is the name of this tree in Hebrew). Apollo granted King Dion's wish of bestowing prophecy upon his three daughtersone of which was Carya. Since the 1930s, this beloved symbol of springtime has been planted along Texas highways. Chili con carne was designated the state dish in 1977. MARY AND JOSEPH REST AT THE TEREBINTH OF ABRAHAM. Terebinth blooms in the months of March-April. They get answers from a stick of wood. Ginkgo tree is native to China and is one of the oldest living tree species in the world. And Absalom was riding upon his mule, and the mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak, and his head caught hold of the oak, and he was taken up between heaven and earth; and the mule that was under him went on. P. terebinthus is one of the European species of Anacardiaceae, a family of about 600 mostly tropical species. ), from Latin terebintha resina "resin of the terebinth tree," from Greek rhetine terebinthe, from fem. Terebinth resin was used as a wine preservative in the entire ancient Near East, as proven by many findings in areas such as the foot of the Zagros Mountains[13] and Middle Bronze Age Galilee. 3, and VII) due to their striking appearance and long lifespan. OAK AND TEREBINTH - JewishEncyclopedia.com The tree can also be used as rootstock on which true pistachios (Pistacia vera) a relative of the Atlantic pistachio are produced. Although marred by the presence of galls, it is a very strong and resistant tree which survives in degraded areas where other species have been eliminated. "oak" in Isaiah 6:13, or even "elm" as in Hosea 4:13.In Cruden's Concordance the alternative tr. The terebinth tree was also a popular place for idol worship in Bible times, and the prophet Jeremiah condemns this practice. And he took three darts in his hand, and thrust them through the heart of Absalom, while he was yet alive in the midst of the oak. Terebinth trees are mentioned in the Bible, which is the holy text of the Abrahamic religions. El God, which translates to the Hebrew elah tree, is the origin of the trees name. //emmerich/the life of the blessed virgin mary/table of contents.htm, The Flight into Egypt and St. John the Baptist in the Desert 10. It was also a goddess, at least once upon a time. Like the latter the terebinth has red berries, like small immature grapes. This great portion of work will probably be used in my next sermon . Get the BEST VALUE in digital Bible study as you prepare for Easter. Terebinth - Encyclopedia of The Bible - Bible Gateway Yet others have broad girths and wide crowns, in the rare places where deforestation over the centuries was avoided. lxi. But they're not some seasonal tree tumor. Terebinth facts and health benefits Some are obvious, like our "large state mammal," the Longhorn; state fabric, cotton; footwear, the cowboy boot; and pepper, the jalapeo. [] The location of this story is on the outskirts of Hebron in a place known as Elonei Mamre ( ), which is translated Oaks of Mamre or Terebinths of Mamre. Middle English terebynt, from Anglo-French terebinte, from Latin terebinthus more at turpentine, 14th century, in the meaning defined above. The red fruits are sterile. Its root word refers to strength and power. In European mythology, the best-known example is the tree Yggdrasil from Norse mythology. The technical term for this type of landscapeis a Mediterranean woodlands, an old-growth native forest in the Land of Israel containing five layers from the ground up: (1) grasses, (2) knee height shrubs (batta), (3) chest-height shrubs (garigue), (4) trees (maquis) and (5) vines. In 1991, the 72nd Legislature clarified the design of the reverse side of the seal which now features a five-pointed star, the Battle of Gonzales cannon, Vince's Bridge, the Alamo, the six flags that have flown over Texas, and the mottoes "Remember the Alamo" and "Texas One and Indivisible.". The terebinth-Pistacia terebinthus (Natural Order, Anacardiaceae), Arabic Butm-is a tree allied to the P. vera, which produces the pistachio nut, and to the familiar "pepper tree" (Schinus molle) so extensively cultivated in modern Palestine. 2023 eTeacherGroup.com By eTeacher Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Trees in mythology - Wikipedia The leaves are compound, 10-20 cm (3.9-7.9 in) long, odd pinnate with five to eleven opposite glossy oval leaflets, the leaflets 2-6 cm (0.79-2.36 in) long and 1-3 cm (0.39-1.18 in) broad. For you will be ashamed of the terebinths that you have taken pleasure in. 2023. In 1839, at the same time as it adopted the Lone Star Flag, the Congress of the Republic of Texas adopted a national seal with a Lone Star surrounded by a wreath of an olive branch and a live oak branch. The Spirit of the LORD will rest on him When the angel tells Abraham that he must sacrifice his son, he builds an altar at Mamre. Under The Terebinth Tree | Santa Barbara Community Church Archaeological excavations at Mamre reveal evidence of ancient Jewish settlements as well as the biblical story of Abraham and his three disciples. Moreover, fruits are evaluated as a raw material for making bttm and turpentine soap and also used in the production of different seasonings and spices. The chili may be served with garnishes such as cilantro, green onions, or cheese, along with warm tortillas. Here, as frequently elsewhere, it is dangerous to pull a bough. It became a symbol of the Texas cattle drives in the 1860s and 1870s. The alonis mentioned in the Bible as the first tree encountered by Abram upon entering the land (Gen. 12:6) and the tree under which Deborah, the nurse of Rebecca, was buried (Gen. 35:8) and the . In the dark valley of Elah, David slew Goliathperhaps this is the reason Goliath did not easily see the slung stone. Like the latter the terebinth has red berries, like small immature grapes. We can rely on Him regardless of the circumstances if He keeps His faithful and steady hand. We have a state waterlily (nymphaea Texas Dawn), state mushroom (Texas Star); and a state epic . Look forward to your next articles .. Jerry, many thanks for your kind words. They are used in the treatment of colds and flu, problems in the digestive system. (Root in WEB JPS ASV DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, The Flight into Egypt and St. John the Baptist in the Desert, The Census and the Journey of the Holy Family. Scientists observing foraging goats report that the animals turned up their noses at the Atlantic pistachio and went on to seek something less odiferous for lunch. Others, not so much.
Underground Tunnels In New Mexico,
How To Lasso Someone's Neck In Rdr2,
Hotel Laundry Service Cost,
38th Rescue Squadron Vietnam,
Aflw Leading Goalkicker 2022,
Articles T