what happened after the end of reconstruction quizlet

President Abraham Lincoln began planning for the reunification of the United States in the fall of 1863.2 With a sense that Union victory was imminent and that he could turn the tide of the war by stoking Unionist support in the Confederate states, Lincoln issued a proclamation allowing southerners to take an oath of allegiance. All southern women faced economic devastation, lasting wartime trauma, and enduring racial tensions. In 1871 the administration launched a legal and military offensive that destroyed the Klan. As with all things on wikipedia, check the footnotes. With the war coming to an end, the question of how to reunite the former Confederate states with the Union was a divisive one. Reconstruction changed when John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln on April 14, 1865, during a performance of Our American Cousin at Fords Theater. Many of these independent churches were quickly organized into regional, state, and even national associations, often by brigades of free Black northerners and midwesterners who went to the South to help the freedmen. Chapter 16 Review Flashcards | Quizlet of the 1950s and '60s. The backlash succeeded, and the promises of Reconstruction were mostly unfulfilled. But after winning a two-thirds majority in the 1866 midterm elections, Republicans overrode the veto, and in 1867, they passed the first Reconstruction Act, dissolving state governments and dividing the South into five military districts. On the eve of war, the American South enjoyed more per capita wealth than any other slave economy in the New World. White southerners initially opposed the Redeemers and instead clung tightly to white supremacy and the Confederacy, but between 1869 and 1871, the Redeemers won support from white southerners by promising local rule by white Democrats, rather than Black or white Republicans. In reality, how different were definitions of freedom, citizenship, and democracy before and after Reconstruction? In 1859 and 1860, wealthy southern planters were flush after producing record cotton crops. These problems became acute as federal regulation of Southern state governments ended and remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the South. Alfred R. Waud, The Freedmens Bureau, 1868.Library of Congress. Leslie Harris and Daina Ramey Berry, eds.. To the Women of the Republic, address from the Womens Loyal National League supporting the abolition of slavery, January 25, 1864, SEN 38A-H20 (Kansas folder); RG 46, Records of the U.S. Senate, National Archives. Similar ambiguous vagrancy laws throughout the South reasserted control over Black labor in what one scholar has called slavery by another name.7 Black Codes effectively criminalized Black peoples leisure, limited their mobility, and locked many into exploitative farming contracts. Southern state governments, and African Americans Black churches provided centralized leadership and organization in post-emancipation communities. During the Panic of 1873, workers began demanding that the federal government help alleviate the strain on Americans. These laws granted some rights to African Americans, like the right to own property, to marry, or to make contracts. It established the supremacy of the federal government over the states, It brought the states of the Union back together; Amnesty was granted to most southerners who had fought for the Confederacy, Former Confederates kept their property and participated in political process; Slavery was ended, African Americans were recognized as citizens of the United States, All citizens were granted equal treatment under the law, The Freedman's Bureau built more than 1,000 schools for African Americans, including colleges and universities, Poll taxes and literacy tests limited African Americans' ability to vote -Jim Crow laws enforced segregation in public places, including schools -Some restaurants and public places refused to serve African Americans at all; Segregation laws challenged in federal Court. 1. Others had helped enslaved people escape or taught them to read, like Georgias James D. Porter. Unsurprisingly, these were also the places that were exempted from the liberating effects of the Emancipation Proclamation. Serving an expanded citizenry, Reconstruction governments established the Souths first state-funded public school systems, sought to strengthen the bargaining power of plantation labourers, made taxation more equitable, and outlawed racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations. the United States faced during Reconstruction, the Southern Responses to Black Emancipation Economic Development during the Civil War and Reconstruction, Barbara Jordan On the Impeachment of Richard Nixon (1974), How the Other Half Lived: Photographs of Jacob Riis, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=40&page=transcript, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72360, https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=014/llsl014.db&recNum=58, https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/WomensLoyalNationalLeague.pdf, Franke, Katherine M. Becoming a Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation of African American Marriages., The House Joint Resolution proposing the 13th amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.. Republicans and Democrats responded to economic uncertainty by retreating from Reconstruction. What happened Gertrude believed that her money had purchased a days labor, not just the load of washing, and she became quite frustrated. Congress refused to seat the representatives and senators elected from the Southern states and in early 1866 passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills. The former slaves also demanded economic independence. Above all, freedpeople wanted freedom to control their families.15. to pass the 14th Amendment, which defined a US citizen as anyone born or naturalized They didn't have control of their bodies or of their labor. The changes that might have come when representation in Congress switched from mostly Republican in 1872 to mostly Democrat in 1876. What factors contributed to the end of Reconstruction? In 1877, Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the south, and the bayonet-backed Republican governments collapsed, thereby ending Reconstruction. Many political leaders and officeholders were ministers. Table.This table shows the military districts of the seceded states of the South, the date the state was readmitted into the Union, and the date when conservatives recaptured the state house. women filled the power vacuum that reconstruction had created. WebThe South after Reconstruction The Freed Slaves Southern states undermined efforts at equality with laws designed to disfranchise blacks, despite of a series of federal equal-rights laws. He also outlined how new state governments would be created. In January 1874, over 7,000 protesters congregated in New York Citys Tompkins Square to insist the government make job creation a priority. Were African Americans in towns and cities struggling with poverty as well? eradication of southern black poverty. However, the bureau also instituted courts where African Americans could seek redress if their employers were abusing them or not paying them. WebThe most significant enduring legacy of Reconstruction was the: creation of true social equality in the South. In April, the remaining troops were ordered out of the South. and in voting rights, but those rights had all but evaporated by the end of the century. Omissions? Reconstruction ended when northerners abandoned the cause of the formerly enslaved and Democrats recaptured southern politics. None of this is to suggest that the Norths superior ability to supply its war machine made the outcome of the war inevitable. Since the entire South suffered from economic devastation, many families were impoverished and sank into debt. The first extended the life of an agency Congress had created in 1865 to oversee the transition from slavery to freedom. The foundation of southern society had been shaken, but southern whites used Black Codes and racial terrorism to reassert control over formerly enslaved people. Churches were often the largest building in town and served as community centers. Meanwhile, this washerwoman and others like her set wages and hours for themselves, and in many cases began to take washing into their own homes in order to avoid the surveillance of white women and the sexual threat posed by white men.28. [Richmond, Va. Crippled locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad depot], c. 1865.Library of Congress. As the war dragged on, inflation also hit the North. The Klans reputation became so potent, and its violence so widespread, that many groups not formally associated with it were called Ku Kluxers, and to Ku Klux meant to commit vigilante violence. With the Compromise of 1877, military intervention in Southern politics ceased, and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South. The Black commissions response was that we were promised Homesteads by the government. Democrats threatened to boycott Hayess inauguration. State governments were mired in debt. Only in the 20th century Celebrations honored the bravery of both armies, and the meaning of the war faded. The death tolls of these conflicts remain incalculable, and victims were overwhelmingly Black. Violence shattered the dream of biracial democracy. Disheartened, Stanton and Anthony allied instead with white supremacists who supported womens equality. The protections of black civil rights crumbled under the pressure of restored white rule and unfavorable Supreme Court decisions. Another aspect of the pursuit of freedom was the reconstitution of families. The first document includes Frances Thompson and Lucy Smiths testimony about their assault, rape, and robbery in 1866. A "grandfather clause" legalizes instances of whatever is being permitted by a new law that happened before the law was passed. of US national identity, but if someone gave you box With the Compromise of 1877, army intervention in the South ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South. Reconstruction Review Flashcards | Quizlet This group was highly committed to emancipating and protecting the rights of African Americans. In nearly every conflict, white conservatives initiated violence in reaction to Republican rallies or conventions or elections in which Black men were to vote. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The Civil Rights Act became the first significant legislation in American history to become law over a presidents veto. After the 13th Amendment, most The New South began to develop its own resources, setting up mills and factories to turn its resources into useful goods. . an agreement made between presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes and Southern politicians in 1877; Hayes made a deal with some members of the commission in which he agreed to withdraw federal troops from the states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana in exchange for their using the votes that would make him president. would the 14th Amendment become an important tool Have students brainstorm ideas about what these problems might be. They also aimed to limit Black economic mobility by terrorizing freedpeople who tried to purchase land or otherwise become too independent from the white enslavers they used to rely on. Black southern voters helped Grant win most of the former Confederacy. This ruling not only defeated the New Departure but also coincided with the Courts broader reactionary interpretation of the Reconstruction amendments that significantly limited freedmens rights. Congress raised tariffs and passed the first national income tax in 1862. African American women combated these attempts by refusing to work at jobs without fair pay or fair conditions and by clinging tightly to their children. Groups like the Union League, militias, and fraternal organizations all used the regalia, ritual, and even hymns of churches to inform and shape their practice. From 1861 onward, the Confederate government struggled to find the guns, food, and supplies needed to field an army. Reconstruction economic nor physical freedom. find. Does it look as if he has forgiven me, seeing how he tries to keep me in a condition of helplessness?14. 9 Which statement best Explain. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Mississippis vagrant law required all freedmen to carry papers proving they had means of employment.6 If they had no proof, they could be arrested and fined. What ended as a result of reconstruction? ProfoundQa racially segregated but ostensibly ensuring equal opportunities to all races. hmmmmmmm how big are the different definitions in both of the sides of freedom? Many free African Americans, particularly those in South Carolina, Virginia, and Louisiana, were wealthy and well educated, two facts that distinguished them from much of the white population both before and after the Civil War. What happened after the reconstruction of the south? Reconstruction Amendments? At Colfax, Louisiana, in 1873, scores of Black militiamen were killed after surrendering to armed whites intent on seizing control of local government. What proposal did Hayes make to the Democrats in order to end their opposition? This chapter was edited by Nicole Turner, with content contributions by Christopher Abernathy, Jeremiah Bauer, Michael T. Caires, Mari Crabtree, Chris Hayashida-Knight, Krista Kinslow, Ashley Mays, Keith McCall, Ryan Poe, Bradley Proctor, Emma Teitelman, Nicole Turner, and Caitlin Verboon. Frederick Douglass, We Welcome the Fifteenth Amendment: Addresses Delivered in New York, on 1213 May 1869,, Sallie Adkins to Ulysses S. Grant, May 20, 1869. Letters Received, Source Chronological File, Container #7, 18681870: Presidents Letters, Folder: MayDecember 1869, Record Group 60, General Records of the Department of Justice, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland. Who were sharecroppers? In this report, General J.J. Reynolds describes the lawlessness of Texas during Reconstruction., 6. At least 270 other African American men served in patronage positions as postmasters, customs officials, assessors, and ambassadors. One of those was the election of African Americans to local, state, and national offices, including both houses of Congress. While no one could agree on what the best plan for reconstructing the nation would be, Americans understood the moment as critical and perhaps revolutionary. Many of these codes defined anyone who wasn't under a labor What happened after the end of Reconstruction? Petition of E. Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and Others Asking for an Amendment of the Constitution that Shall Prohibit the Several States from Disfranchising Any of Their Citizens on the Ground of Sex, 1865.National Archives and Records Administration. Alfred R. Waud, The First Vote, November 1867.Library of Congress. While white southern women decided whether and how to return to their prior status, African American women embraced new freedoms and a redefinition of womanhood. Any account of the war must consider the tangled web of politics, battles, and economics that occurred between 1861 and 1865. - [Kim] How do you define freedom? Did the Ku Klux do wrong? Southerners did make astonishing gains in industrial production during this time, but it was never enough. The economic turmoil enabled the Democrats to take control of the House of Representatives after the 1874 elections, blunting the legislatures capacity to any longer direct Reconstruction. P. B. S. Pinchback served as Louisianas governor for thirty-four days after the previous governor was suspended during impeachment proceedings and was the only African American state governor until Virginia elected L. Douglas Wilder in 1989. Enslavement by private citizens was illegal after the 13th amendment. South Carolina and Mississippi passed laws known as Black Codes to regulate Black behavior and impose social and economic control. Do you think the Civil War ended in sectionalism? To pay their troops and keep the economy alive, the Confederate Congress turned to printing paper money that quickly sank in value and led to rapid inflation. them from moving freely, and slavery itself meant Although slavery could not be reinstated, Jim Crow legislation ensured that the core ideology of the Confederacy, white supremacy, was retained.

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