why did the zhou dynasty last so long
why did the zhou dynasty last so long
Both the purpose and conduct of warfare changed. Kings also militarized their kingdoms landscapes by building forts at strategically critical passes, walls to mark off boundaries, and watchtowers to signal the enemys approach. Early Zhou kings were true commanders-in-chief. During the Warring States, rulers introduced large armies composed of mass infantry and cavalry. The line of Zhou kings had, however, already been extinguished in 256 BCE, so that date marks the end of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. A noble looked for a pretext to engage in a vendetta with another lord, at which point a battle was arranged and then carried out according to the protocols of chivalry. According to the Duke of Zhou, Heaven had decreed that Shang kings must fall and Zhou rulers should replace them. In this capacity, Duke Huan had the authority to resolve disputes between nobles on behalf of the king. If you lead the people by being rectified yourself, who will dare not be rectified? (12.17) Confucius believed that good governing flows from good men. The Nine Schools of Thought which came to dominate the others were Confucianism (as interpreted by Mencius and others), Legalism, Taoism, Mohism, the utopian communalist Agriculturalism, two strains of Diplomatists, the sophistic Logicians, Sun-tzu's Militarists, and the Naturalists. Large bronzes were cast to commemorate these occasions (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). He saw the practice of morality in the family as the root. Over time, this decentralized system became strained as the familial relationships between the Zhou kings and the regional dynasties thinned over the generations. Other states came to the rescue, relocating the kings son, Prince Ping, to the eastern capital at Luoyang. Over the next 250 years, during what is referred to as the Warring States Period (475 221 BCE), these states averaged one major battle per year until, at the very end, only the state of Qin [cheen] remained. Later kings' campaigns were less effective. The noble person, filial piety, humaneness, etiquette, Heaven, and government by men of virtue are just some of the ideas Confucius discussed as he traveled the feudal states seeking to advise their lords. The chancellor of Wei, Sunshu Ao, who served King Zhuang of Chu, dammed a river to create an enormous irrigation reservoir in modern-day northern Anhui province. Around 1046 BC, Wen's son Wu and his ally Jiang Ziya led an army of 45,000 men and 300 chariots across the Yellow River and defeated King Zhou of Shang at the Battle of Muye, marking the beginning of the Zhou dynasty. Like other young men of similar background, he had access to an education and could aspire to serve in some capacity in a feudal state, perhaps at the lords court, or as an official or soldier. Later, Confucius asked him, Why did you not say: As a man, when agitated in thought he forgets to eat, joyfully forgetting his cares, not realizing that old age is near at hand?. Instead, this warrior nobility engaged in an escalating contest for power and prestige. The first qualification for a ruler or one who serves is moral rectitude. The Zhou created the Mandate of Heaven: the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods. Eventually, these states acquired more power than the king, beginning a period of conflict that is known, appropriately, as the Warring States Period. During the third century BCE, the Zhou Kingdom was destroyed and one of these warring states, the Qin [Cheen] Dynasty, prevailed over the rest. The period before 771 bce is usually known as the Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty, and that from 770 is known as the Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty. Finally, these rulers no longer relied solely on close kinsmen to wage war alongside them. Great lines and lesser lines continually spin off new lesser lines, founded by younger sons". A person of humanity is, for instance, one who is capable of empathy and unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Wuwang | ruler of Zhou | Britannica As the frequency and scale of warfare escalated, and states gradually gobbled each other up, the way feudal lords governed their states and conducted military campaigns changed. For him, nobility was defined not by birth but rather by character and conduct. ), known as the Western Zhou (1046-771 B.C. He held this title (duke) and fief (Qi) because his distant ancestor had served as a commander under King Wu during the Zhou founding. Ancient China: Shang & Zhou Dynasties - Study.com The later Wei statesman Ximen Bao, who served Marquis Wen of Wei (445396 BC), was the first hydraulic engineer of China to have created a large irrigation canal system. As they did so, their lands evolved into powerful states (see Map \(\PageIndex{2}\)). The Zhou dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhu; Old Chinese (): *tiw) was a royal dynasty of China (1046 BC - 256 BC) that followed the Shang dynasty.Having lasted 789 years, the Zhou dynasty was the longest dynastic regime in Chinese history.The military control of China by the royal house, surnamed Ji, lasted initially from 1046 until 771 BC for a period known as the Western Zhou, and the . If he does not fulfill his obligations as emperor, then he loses the Mandate and thus, the right to be emperor. After announcing the impending campaign at the ancestral temple, a lord and his kinsmen, accompanied by farmer foot soldiers, would proceed in their chariots to a prearranged location and engage in a skirmish. A truly noble person is one who puts what is right before personal gain and the desire for wealth and fame. NB: Dates in Chinese history before the first year of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC are contentious and vary by source. What little we know about his life comes primarily from the Analects, a record of conversations Confucius held with his students compiled after he died. Confucius lived just prior to the Warring States Period (551-479 BCE). For example, in 771 BCE, King You [yo] was attacked by the allied forces of the lord of Shen and tribal peoples residing out west. The Shang Dynasty is the earliest ruling dynasty of China to be established in recorded history, though other dynasties predated it. Established during the Western period, the Li (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: l) ritual system encoded an understanding of manners as an expression of the social hierarchy, ethics, and regulation concerning material life; the corresponding social practices became idealized within Confucian ideology. In 651 BCE, he convened an interstate meeting with other lords to discuss matters of order and security. Prior to the Warring States Period, it was the norm for nobility to hand out land in their states to kinsmen, just as it had been for the king during the Western Zhou. In addition, he insisted that such virtues as humanity are most fully demonstrated when individuals observe good etiquette. They presented a universe with multiple heavenly and hellish realms populated with divinities and demons. Relocated to Luoyang, King Ping ruled from a much smaller royal domain surrounded by approximately 150 feudal states and their lords. After the Xia and Shang, the next major dynasty in Chinese history is the Zhou Dynasty (1045 256 BCE). His young son took the throne, but was placed under the regency of Wus capable brother, the Duke of Zhou. Ebrey defines the descent-line system as follows: "A great line (ta-tsung) is the line of eldest sons continuing indefinitely from a founding ancestor. After announcing the impending campaign at the ancestral temple, a lord and his kinsmen, accompanied by farmer foot soldiers, would proceed in their chariots to a prearranged location and engage in a skirmish. Two major philosophical traditions emerged to address these issues: Confucianism and Daoism. Now, many generations later, his state was a formidable power on the east coast. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zhou-dynasty, World History Encyclopedia - Zhou Dynasty, Ancient Origins - The Zhou Dynasty: The Longest-Lasting Dynasty in Chinese History, Social Science LibreTexts Library - The Long Zhou Dynasty (1046- 256 BCE), Zhou dynasty - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). In later generations, lords simply became more interested in and identified with their own territories, and they had little sense of solidarity with distant cousins ruling neighboring feudal states. Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China He believed that a golden age existed in the past and wished to transmit the ethical values of that time. In 1046 BCE, a Zhou king overthrew the last Shang ruler and established control over much of north China. Why did Qin build the Great Wall of China? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Han dynasty | Definition, Map, Time Period, Achievements, & Facts Prior to the Warring States Period, it was the norm for nobility to hand out land in their states to kinsmen, just as it had been for the king during the Western Zhou. The Warring States Period lasted 254 years. This was King Wen (Cultured King), a ruler revered as the founder of the Zhou dynasty. Two major philosophical traditions emerged to address these issues: Confucianism and Daoism. [53], During the Zhou dynasty, the origins of native Chinese philosophy developed, its initial stages of development beginning in the 6th century BC. 2. Among them, the most successful was the state of Qin, which eventually conquered all of China and became an empire. He held this title (duke) and fief (Qi) because his distant ancestor had served as a commander under King Wu during the Zhou founding. Their embryonic bureaucracies included such features as a system of official posts, salaries paid in grain and gifts, administrative codes, and methods for measuring a servants performance. This period, in the second half of the Eastern Zhou, lasted from about 475-221 BCE, when China was united under the Qin Dynasty. During the turmoil of the Warring States period, however, other individuals developed a philosophy very different from Confucianism called Daoism. Upon being elected as their leader, the Zhou king conferred the title of hegemon. Tai later led the clan from Bin to Zhou, an area in the Wei River valley of modern-day Qishan County. ), { "4.01:_Chronology_of_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Introduction_to_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Questions_to_Guide_Your_Reading" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Key_Terms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Geography_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.06:_China_from_Neolithic_Village_Settlements_to_the_Shang_Kingdom" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.07:_The_Long_Zhou_Dynasty_(1046-_256_BCE)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.08:_The_Qin_Dynasty_and_the_Transition_from_Ancient_to_Imperial_China" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.09:_The_Han_Dynasty_202_BCE-220_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.10:_The_Period_of_Division_220-589CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.11:_The_Tang_Dynasty_and_the_Emergence_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.12:_The_Song_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.13:_The_Yuan_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.14:_Conclusion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.15:_Works_Consulted_and_Further_Reading" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.16:_Links_to_Primary_Sources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Prehistory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Early_Middle_Eastern_and_Northeast_African_Civilizations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Ancient_and_Medieval_India" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_The_Greek_World_from_Bronze_Age_to_Roman_Conquest" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_The_Roman_World_from_753_BCE_to_500_BCE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Western_Europe_and_Byzantium_circa_500-1000_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Islam_to_the_Mamluks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_African_History_to_1500" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Americas" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Central_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Western_Europe_and_Byzantium_circa_1000-1500_CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 4.7: The Long Zhou Dynasty (1046- 256 BCE), [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "Zhou Dynasty", "Confucianism", "Daoism", "Taoism", "Mandate of Heaven", "Confucius", "beeline:print", "program:galileo", "authorname:gisrael" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHistory%2FWorld_History%2FBook%253A_World_History_-_Cultures_States_and_Societies_to_1500_(Berger_et_al. [56] In 1059, upon witnessing five planets align, the Zhou ruler declared himself king and proceeded to engage in military conquests that made his kingdom a . The last Zhou king is traditionally taken to be Nan, who was killed when Qin captured the capital Wangcheng[1] in 256 BC. Rather than give those posts to kinsmen, kings appointed men from the lower ranks of the nobility or commoners based on their loyalty and merit. [39] As the Zhou emulated the Shang's large scale production of ceremonial bronzes, they developed an extensive system of bronze metalworking that required a large force of tribute labor. Their central concept is the Dao (Way). The Analects not only shows a serious and learned man, but also someone capable in archery and horsemanship, who loved music and ritual, and who untiringly traveled the feudal states in the hopes of serving in a lords retinue (see Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). [58] Zhou is also represented by the star Beta Serpentis in asterism "Right Wall", Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellations).[59]. How did warlords weaken the Zhou Dynasty? For more than 800 years (9-17 centuries), the Central Plains dynasty failed to effectively control Xinjiang (the Xinjiang was directly under the jurisdiction of Chahe Tai Khan during the Yuan Dynasty). . It was technically the longest dynasty, though the Zhouhad effectively lost power by 770 BC. However, with the onset of the Warring States Period in the fifth century BCE, the level of violence was no longer contained by the hegemon system and codes of chivalry. 1. The glue that held the Zhou feudal order together was deference to the king and his Mandate and reverence for their shared historyincluding, most importantly, the deceased spirits of their related ancestors. Second, Zhou kings were unable to impose their will on feuding feudal lords and were even defeated by them in several military campaigns. The magistrates job would be to register the population, maintain law and order, collect tax revenue, and conscript people for labor projects and military campaigns. This period of Chinese history produced what many consider the zenith of Chinese bronzeware making. [52] King Xiang of Zhou also married a Di princess after receiving Di military support. Some important manufacturing sectors during this period included bronze smelting, which was integral to making weapons and farming tools. 15 Facts about Warring States Period in China - China Highlights The Eastern Zhou was characterized by an accelerating collapse of royal authority, although the king's ritual importance allowed over five more centuries of rule. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Historians believe the Old Master was a fictional sage invented by Warring States Period philosophers who compiled the book attributed to him. The capital was moved eastward to Wangcheng,[1] marking the end of the "Western Zhou" (, pX Zhu) and the beginning of the "Eastern Zhou" dynasty (, pDng Zhu). One obvious difference is that the Zhou ruled from walled cities rather than castles. This official document defined times for undertaking agricultural activities and celebrating rituals. Chinas three major pre-modern philosophical and religious traditions are Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. To govern is to rectify. Brashier writes in his book "Ancestral Memory in Early China" about the tsung-fa system of patrilineal primogeniture: "The greater lineage, if it has survived, is the direct succession from father to eldest son and is not defined via the collateral shifts of the lesser lineages. In the eleventh century BCE, the Zhou state was a minor power on the western periphery of the Shang realm, located along the Wei [way] River. [d] The Zhou enfeoffed a member of the defeated Shang royal family as the Duke of Song, which was held by descendants of the Shang royal family until its end. During the Zhou dynasty, centralized power decreased throughout the Spring and Autumn period until the Warring States period in the last two centuries of the dynasty. History of China: Dynasties of China, Timeline Summary, Maps The most famous of these was Confucius, who taught a system of mutual duty between superiors and inferiors. In later centuries, the Daoism of these early philosophers was taken in new directions. The farther removed, the lesser the political authority". Fengjian - Wikipedia The Mandate of Heaven ( Tianming ), also known as Heaven's Mandate, was the divine source of authority and the right to rule of China 's early kings and emperors. The third policy was to dispatch royal kinsmen to strategically critical locations for the purpose of establishing colonies. Duke Hui of Wei, in 344 BC, was the first to claim the royal title of king (Chinese: ) for himself. As the frequency and scale of warfare escalated, and states gradually gobbled each other up, the way feudal lords governed their states and conducted military campaigns changed. Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who directed the production of such materials. In the early centuries of Zhou rule, during the Western Zhou (1046 771 BCE), Zhou kings dispatched kinsmen to territories he granted to them (see Map \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Romanov Family Overview, History & Facts | Romanov Dynasty of Russia Why did the Zhou dynasty last so long? - Quora (View the image of a Warring States Period soldier at the following link: http://brandonqindynasty.weebly.com/9/8580061.jpeg. Over time, ties of kinship lost their meaning. Hence, battles became increasingly bloody and bitter, and victory went to those kings who could field the most effective killing machines. This political theory, which is known as the Mandate of Heaven, would also be used by founders of later dynasties to justify their actions, as well as by theorists to explain the rise and fall of dynasties. Yet, it would be wrong to conclude that he wasnt religious in any sense, because he frequently spoke of Heaven. ), the ruling house of Zhou exercised a certain degree of "imperial" power over most of central China. Historians call this method of governing Zhou kinship feudalism. bc, Chinadied 1046 bc, China), last sovereign ( c. 1075-46 bc) of the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600-1046 bc ), who, according to legend, lost his empire because of his extreme debauchery. 3: China and East Asia to the Ming Dynasty, { "3.01:_(Module_5)_3.10-_The_Yuan_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.02:_(Module_5)_3.7-_The_Period_of_Division_220-589CE" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.03:_(Module_5)_3.8-_The_Tang_Dynasty_and_the_Emergence_of_East_Asia" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.04:_(Module_5)_3.9-_The_Song_Dynasty" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3.05:_Chronology_of_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty" : 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